The Sumerians were an ancient civilization that lived in Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq) around 4500 BCE. The year 4500 BCE, The Neolithic lasted in the Near East until the transitional period of the Chalcolithic (Copper Age) from about 6,500 years ago (4500 BC), marked by the development of metallurgy, leading up to the Bronze Age and Iron Age.
. They made many important inventions and advancements in various fields. Here are a few examples:
- Cuneiform writing: The Sumerians developed a form of writing called cuneiform, which involved making marks on clay tablets using a reed stylus. This was one of the earliest forms of writing in human history and was used for a variety of purposes such as record keeping, literature, and diplomacy.
- The wheel: Sumerians are credited with the invention of the wheel, which was primarily used for pottery but also used in transportation and irrigation.
- The plow: Sumerians also invented the plow, which was used to cultivate the fertile soil of the region. This allowed them to farm more efficiently and increase their food production.
- Bronze: Sumerians were the first civilization to use bronze, a mixture of copper and tin, to make tools and weapons.
- The sail: They also used the sail, which allowed them to navigate the Tigris and Euphrates rivers more efficiently.
- Calendar: The Sumerians developed a calendar based on the cycles of the moon, which was used for agricultural and religious purposes.
- The irrigation system: Sumerians built an extensive irrigation system, which allowed them to control the water supply for their crops, and make farming possible in the desert region.
- Architecture: Sumerians built the first known cities, and many of the architectural techniques used, such as the arch and the dome, were developed by them.
- These are just a few examples of the many important inventions and advancements that the Sumerians made. They were a highly advanced civilization that made significant contributions to human civilization and knowledge.