Before the emergence of Zoroastrianism, there were several religions and belief systems that existed in the ancient world. Some of the most significant of these include:
- Sumerian religion: Sumer was one of the earliest civilizations in Mesopotamia, and its religion was based on the worship of a pantheon of gods and goddesses, who were associated with natural phenomena such as the sun, the moon, and the rivers.
- Egyptian religion: The ancient Egyptians had a complex religion that centered around the worship of a pantheon of gods and goddesses, as well as the veneration of deceased pharaohs. Their religious beliefs and practices were closely tied to the cycles of nature and the Nile River.
- Babylonian religion: The religion of ancient Babylon was based on the worship of a pantheon of gods and goddesses, many of whom were derived from Sumerian religion. It also had a strong emphasis on astrology and the movement of the stars and planets.
- Assyrian religion: The religion of the ancient Assyrians was similar to that of the Babylonians, but it also incorporated elements of the Sumerian and Akkadian religions.
- Indus Valley Civilization religion: The Indus Valley Civilization, which existed in what is now Pakistan and western India, had a complex religious system that is not well understood. Some scholars believe that the religion was based on the worship of a mother goddess and that it had strong links to nature.
- Minoan religion: The Minoan civilization of Crete had a religion centered on a goddess and her consort, the god of the mountains, and it also had a strong connection to nature.
- Hittite religion: The Hittite civilization had a polytheistic religion that centered around the worship of a pantheon of gods and goddesses, many of whom were associated with natural phenomena such as the sun, the moon, and the weather.
It’s worth noting that these are just a few examples of the many religious beliefs and practices that existed in the ancient world before the emergence of Zoroastrianism.
The Sumerian religion existed in the region of Mesopotamia (in present-day Iraq) between approximately 4000 BCE and 2000 BCE. It was one of the earliest known religious belief systems in the world. The emergence of the Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) occurred much later, in the second millennium BCE and the first millennium CE.
Judaism, the oldest of the Abrahamic religions, emerged in the Middle East around 2000 BCE, which is around the time when the Sumerian civilization began to decline. The origins of Judaism can be traced back to the Israelites, who according to the Bible, were the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.
Christianity emerged around 30 CE with the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth and it spread rapidly throughout the Roman Empire in the first century CE.
Islam emerged in the 7th century CE with the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad in Arabia.
It’s worth noting that these are approximate dates and the historical timeline of the development of these religions is still a subject of ongoing scholarly debate.
In summary, the Sumerian religion existed thousands of years before the emergence of the Abrahamic religions, and it was one of the earliest known religious belief systems in the world. The Abrahamic religions, Judaism, Christianity and Islam, developed in different parts of the Middle East and North Africa at different times, Judaism and Christianity in the first millennium BCE and Islam in the 7th century CE.